Letters on Different Subjects in Natural Philosophy, Volume 1 (Letters to a German Princess)

Leonhard Euler

Sprache: English

Genres: Astronomie, Physik & Mechanik Mathematik Sachbücher Wissenschaft

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1. Of Magnitude, or Extension
2. Of Velocity
3. Of Sound, and Its Velocity
4. Of Consonance and Dissonance
5. Of Unison and Octaves
6. Of Other Consonances
7. Of the Twelve Tones of the Harpsichord
8. Of the Pleasure Derived from Fine Music
9. Compression of the Air
10. Rarefaction and Elasticity of the Air
11. Gravity of the Air
12. Of the Atmosphere, and the Barometer
13. Of Air-Guns, and the Compression of Air in Gunpowder
14. The Effect Produced by Heat and Cold on All Bodies, and Of, the Pyrometer and Thermometer
15. Changes Produced in the Atmosphere by Heat and Cold
16. The Cold Felt on High Mountains and at Great Depths Accounted For
17. Of Light, and the Systems of Descartes and Newton
18. Difficulties Attending the System of Emanation
19. A Different System Respecting the Nature of Rays and of Light Proposed
20. Of the Propagation of Light
21. Digression on the Distances of the Heavenly Bodies, and on the Nature of the Sun and His Rays
22. Elucidations on the Nature of Luminous Bodies, and Their Difference from Opaque Bodies Illuminated
23. How Opaque Bodies Become Visible Newton's System of the Reflection of Rays Proposed
24. Examination and Refutation of Newton's System
25. A Different Explanation of the Manner in Which Opaque Bodies Illuminated Become Visible
26. Continuation of the Same Subject
27. Conclusion: Clearness and Colour of Opaque Bodies Illuminated
28. Nature of Colours in Particular
29. Transparency of Bodies Relative to the Transmission of Rays
30. Of the Transmission of Rays of Light Through Transparent Mediums, and Their Refraction
31. Refraction of Rays of Different Colours
32. Of the Azure Colour of the Heavens
33. Of Rays Issuing from a Distant Luminous Point, and of the Visual Angle
34. Of the Assistance Which Judgment Lends to Vision
35. Explanation of Certain Phenomena Relative to Optics
36. Of Shadow
37. Of Catoptrics, and the Reflection of Rays from Plain Mirrors
38. Reflection of Rays from Convex and Concave Mirrors Burning Mirrors
39. Of Dioptrics
40. Continuation of Burning — Glasses, and Their Focus
41. Of Vision, and the Structure of the Eye
42. Continuation Wonders Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye
43. Further Continuation Astonishing Difference Between the Eye of an Animal and the Artificial Eye, or Camera Obscura
44. Perfections Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye
45. Of Gravity, Considered as a General Property of Body
46. Continuation of Specific Gravity
47. Terms Relative to Gravity and Their True Import
48. Reply to Certain Objections to the Erath's Spherical Figure, Derived from Gravity
49. True Direction and Action of Gravity Relatively to the Earth
50. Different Action of Gravity with Respect to Certain Countries and Distances from the Centre of the Earth
51. Gravity of the Moon
52. Discovery of Universal Gravitation by Newton
53. Continuation of the Mutual Attraction of the Heavenly Bodies
54. Different Sentiments of Philosophers Respecting Universal Gravitation the Attractionists
55. Power by Which the Heavenly Bodies an Mutually Attracted
56. The Same Subject Continued
57. The Same Subject Continued
58. Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Method of Determining It by the Laws of Universal Gravitation
59. System of the Universe
60. The Same Subject Continued
61. Small Irregularities in the Motions of the Planets, Caused by Their Mutual Attraction
62. Description of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea
63. Different Opinions of Philosophers Respecting the Flux and Reflux of the Sea
64. Explanation of the Flux and Reflux, from the Attractive Power of the Moon
65. The Same Subject Continued
66. The Same Subject Continued
67. The Same Subject Continued
68. More Particular Account of the Dispute Respecting Universal Gravitation
69. Nature and Essence of Bodies or Extension, Mobility, and Impenetrability of Body
70. Impenetrability of Bodies
71. Of the Motion of Bodies, Real and Apparent
72. Of Uniform, Accelerated, and Retarded Motion
73. Principal Law of Motion and Rest Disputes of Philosophers on the Subject
74. Of the Inertia of Bodies of Powers
75. Changes Which May Take Place in the State of Bodies
76. System of the Monads of Wolff
77. Origin and Nature of Powers
78. The Same Subject Principle of the Least Possible Action
79. On the Question, are There Any Other Species of Powers?
80. Of the Nature of Spirits
81. Of the Union Between the Soul and the Body
82. Different Systems Relative to This Subject
83. Examination of the System of Pre-Established Harmony an Objection to It
84. Another Objection
85. Of the Liberty of Spirits, and a Reply to Objections Against Liberty
86. Tne Same Subject Continued
87. Influence of the Liberty of Spirits Upon Events
88. Of Events Natural, Supernatural, and Moral
89. Of the Question Respecting the Best World Possible; and of the Origin of Evil
90. Connexion of the Preceding Considerations with Religion Reply to the Objections of the Philosophical Systems Against Prayer
91. The Liberty of Intelligent Beings in Harmony with the Doctrines of the Christian Religion
92. Elucidation Respecting the Nature of Spirits
93. The Subject Continued Reflections on the State of Souls After Death
94. Considerations on the Action of the Soul Upon the Body, and of the Body Upon the Soul
95. Of the Faculties of the Soul, and of Judgment
96. Conviction of the Existence of What We Perceive by the Senses of the Idealists, Egotists, and Materialists
97. Refutation of the Idealists
98. The Faculty of Perceiving, Reminiscence, Memory, and Attention Simple and Compound Ideas
99. Division of Ideas into Clear and Obscure, Distinct and Confused of Distraction
100. Of the Abstraction of Notions Notions General and Individual: of Genus and Species
101. Of Language; Its Nature, Advantages, and Necessity, in Order to the Communication of Thought, and the Cultivation of Knowledge
102. Of the Perfections of a Language Judgment and Nature of Propositions, Affirmative and Negative, Universal or Particular
103. Of Syllogisms, and Their Different Forms When the First Proposition is Universal
104. Different Forms of Syllogisms Whose First Proposition is Particular
105. Analysis of Some Syllogisms
106. Different Figures and Modes of Syllogisms
107. Observations and Reflections on the Different Modes of Syllogism
108. Hypothetical Propositions, and Syllogisms Constructed of Them
109. Of the Impression of Sensations on the Soul
110. Of the Origin and Permission of Evil, and of Sin
111. Of Moral and Physical Evil
112. Reply to Complaints of the Existence of Physical Evil
113. The Real Destination of Man Usefulness and Necessity of Adversity
114. Of True Happiness. Conversion of Sinners. Reply to Objections on the Subject
115. The True Foundation of Human Knowledge Sources of Truth, and Classes of Information Derived from It

Über

The Letters of Euler to a German Princess have acquired over all Europe a celebrity to which the reputation of the Author, the choice and importance of the several subjects, and the clearness of elucidation justly entitle them. They have deservedly been considered as a treasury of science, adapted to the purposes of every common seminary of learning. They may be studied to advantage without much previous elementary knowledge; they convey accurate ideas respecting a variety of objects, highly interesting in themselves, or calculated to excite a laudable curiosity; they inspire a proper taste for the sciences, and for that sound philosophy which, supported by science, and never losing sight of her cautious, steady, methodical advances, runs no risk of perplexing or misleading the attentive student. - Summary by Nicolas de Condorcet