有声读物: Essay on Crimes and Punishments
- Download Introduction audio
- Download Preface by the Translator of M.D. Voltaire's Commentary audio
- Download Chapter I - On the Origin of Punishments audio
- Download Chapter II - On the Right to Punish audio
- Download Chapter III - Consequences of the foregoing principles audio
- Download Chapter IV - Of the Interpretation of Laws audio
- Download Chapter V - Of the Obscurity of Laws audio
- Download Chapter VI - Of the Proportion between Crimes and Punishments audio
- Download Chapter VII - Of Estimating the Degree of Crimes audio
- Download Chapter VIII - Of the Division of Crimes audio
- Download Chapter IX - Of Honour audio
- Download Chapter X - Of Duelling audio
- Download Chapter XI - Of Crimes which Disturb Public Tranquillity audio
- Download Chapter XII - Of the Intent of Punishments audio
- Download Chapter XIII - Of the Credibility of Witnesses audio
- Download Chapter XIV - Of Evidence and the Proofs of a Crime, and of the Form of Judgment audio
- Download Chapter XV - Of Secret Accusation audio
- Download Chapter XVI - Of Torture audio
- Download Chapter XVII - Of Pecuniary Punishments audio
- Download Chapter XVIII - Of Oaths audio
- Download Chapter XIX - Of the Advantage of Immediate Punishment audio
- Download Chapter XX - Of Acts of Violence audio
- Download Chapter XXI - Of the Punishment of the Nobles audio
- Download Chapter XXII - Of Robbery audio
- Download Chapter XXIII - Of Infamy considered as a Punishment audio
- Download Chapter XXIV - Of Idleness audio
- Download Chapter XXV - Of Banishment and Confiscation audio
- Download Chapter XXVI - Of the Spirit of Family in States audio
- Download Chapter XXVII - Of the Mildness of Punishments audio
- Download Chapter XXVIII - Of the Punishment of Death audio
- Download Chapter XXIX - Of Imprisonment audio
- Download Chapter XXX - Of Prosecution and Prescription audio
- Download Chapter XXXI - Of Crimes of Difficult Proof audio
- Download Chapter XXXII - Of Suicide audio
- Download Chapter XXXIII - Of Smuggling audio
- Download Chapter XXXIV - Of Bankrupts audio
- Download Chapter XXXV - Of Sanctuaries audio
- Download Chapter XXXVI - Of Rewards for Apprehending or Killing Criminals audio
- Download Chapter XXXVII - Of Attempts, Acomplices and Pardon audio
- Download Chapter XXXVIII - Of Suggestive Interrogations audio
- Download Chapter XXXIX - Of a Peculiar Kind of Crimes audio
- Download Chapter XL - Of False Ideas of Utility audio
- Download Chapter XLI - Of the Means of Preventing Crimes audio
- Download Chapter XLII - Of the Sciences audio
- Download Chapter XLIII - Of Magistrates audio
- Download Chapter XLIV - Of Rewards audio
- Download Chapter XLV - Of Education audio
- Download Chapter XLVI - Of Pardons audio
- Download Chapter XLVII - Conclusion audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter I - The Circumstances that Occasioned this Commentary audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter II - Of Punishments audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter III - Of the Punishment of Heretics audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter IV - Of the Extirpation of Heresies audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter V - Of Blasphemy and Profanation audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter VI - Of the Indulgence of the Romans in Matters of Religion audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter VII - Of the Crime of Unlawful Preaching - Story of Anthony audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter VIII - The Story of Simon Morin audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter IX - Of Witches audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter X - Of Capital Punishment audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XI - Of the Execution of Sentences audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XII - Of Torture audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XIII - Of Certain Sanguinary Tribunals audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XIV - Of the Difference Between Political and Natural Laws audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XV - Of the Crime of High Treason - Of Titus Oates and of the Death of Augustine de Thou audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XVI - Of the Revealing of Crimes (Before Commission) by Religious Confession audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XVII - Of Counterfeiting Money audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XVIII - Of Domestic Theft audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XIX - Of Suicide audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XX - Of a Certain Species of Mutilation audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XXI - Of the Confiscation Consequent upon all the Crimes which Have Been Mentioned audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XXII - Of Criminal Proceedings, and of Some Other Forms of Procedure audio
- Download Commentary - Chapter XXIII - The Idea of a Reform Suggested audio
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描述
Beccaria's treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which condemns disproportionate and irrational penalties in general as well as torture and the death penalty, is said to mark the peak of Enlightenment in Milan. Its translations were widely read by statesmen and policy makers in Britain, America and France. This translation also features the anonymous commentary, attributed to Voltaire.
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